The Escape Problem for Irreversible Systems

The problem of noise-induced escape from a metastable state arises in physics, chemistry, biology, systems engineering, and other areas. The problem is well understood when the underlying dynamics of the systems obey detailed balance. When this assumption fails, many of the results of classical transition-rate theory no longer apply, and no general method exists for computing the weak-noise asymptotics of fundamental quantities such as the mean escape time. In this paper we present a general technique for analyzing the weak-noise limit of a wide range of stochastically perturbed continuous-time nonlinear dynamical systems. We simplify the original problem, which involves solving a partial differential equation, into one in which only ordinary differential equations need be solved. This allows us to resolve some old issues for the case when detailed balance holds. When it does not hold, we show how the formula for the mean escape time asymptotics depends on the dymamics of the systems along the most probable escape path. We also present new results on short-time behavior and discuss the possibility of “focusing” along the escape path.