The field of artificial intelligence has long been stymied by the lack of an answer to its most fundamental question: What is intelligence? AIs such as GPT-4 have highlighted this uncertainty: some researchers believe that GPT models are showing glimmers of genuine intelligence but others disagree.
To address these arguments, we need concrete tasks to pin down and test the notion of intelligence, argue SFI researchers Arseny Moskvichev, Melanie Mitchell, and Victor Vikram Odouard in a new paper in Transactions on Machine Learning Research. The authors provide just that — and find that even the most advanced AIs still lag far behind humans in their ability to abstract and generalize concepts.
The team created evaluation puzzles — based on a domain developed by Google researcher François Chollet — that focus on visual analogy-making, capturing basic concepts such as above, below, center, inside, and outside. Human and AI test-takers were shown several patterns demonstrating a concept and then asked to apply that concept to a different image. The accompanying figure shows tests of the notion of sameness.
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These visual puzzles were very easy for humans: For example, they got the notion of sameness correct 88 percent of the time. But GPT-4 struggled, only getting 23 percent of these puzzles right. So the researchers conclude that, currently, AI programs are still weak at visual abstract reasoning.
“We reason a lot by analogies, so that’s why it’s such an interesting question,” Moskvichev says. The team’s use of novel visual puzzles ensured that the machines hadn’t encountered them before. GPT-4 was trained on large portions of the internet, so it was important to avoid anything it might have encountered already, to be certain it wasn’t just parroting existing text rather than demonstrating its own understanding. That’s why recent results like an AI’s ability to score well on a Bar exam aren’t a good test of its true intelligence.
The team believes that as time goes on and AI algorithms improve, developing evaluation routines will get progressively more difficult and more important. Rather than trying to create one test of AI intelligence, we should design more carefully curated datasets focusing on specific facets of intelligence. “The better our algorithms become, the harder it is to figure out what they can and can’t do,” Moskvichev says. “So we need to be very thoughtful in developing evaluation datasets.
Read the study, "The ConceptARC Benchmark: Evaluating Understanding and Generalization in the ARC Domain" in Transactions on Machine Learning Research (August, 2023)